ISWC
The International Standard Musical Work Code (ISWC) is an ISO standard similar to ISBNs for identifying musical works / compositions.
According to the Wikipedia article about ISWC, to register an ISWC, the following minimal metadata must be supplied:
MusicBrainz stores ISWCs for works.
See also
IPI: a number identifying persons connected to ISWC registered works (authors, composers, etc.)
ISRC: an ISO standard for identifying recordings of music, developed by the IFPI
List of work databases, many of which contain ISWCs